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In many countries, shopping at a local market is a standard feature of daily life. Given the market’s role in ensuring food supply for a population, markets are often highly regulated by a central authority. In many places, designated market places have become listed sites of historic and architectural significance and represent part of a town’s or nation’s cultural assets.
For these reasons, they are often popular tourist destinations. The term market comes from the Latin mercatus “market place”. The earliest recorded use of the term market in English is in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle of , a work that was created during the reign of Alfred the Great r. Markets have existed since ancient times. However, not all societies developed a system of markets. Across the Mediterranean and Aegean, a network of markets emerged from the early Bronze Age.
A vast array of goods were traded, including: salt, lapis lazuli , dyes, cloth, metals, pots, ceramics, statues, spears and other implements. Archaeological evidence suggests that Bronze Age traders segmented trade routes according to geographical circuits. In the Middle East, documentary sources suggest that a form of bazaar first developed around BCE.
The bazaar at Tabriz, for example, stretches along 1. In antiquity, markets were typically situated in the town’s centre. The market was surrounded by alleyways inhabited by skilled artisans, such as metal-workers, leather workers and carpenters.
These artisans may have sold wares directly from their premises, but also prepared goods for sale on market days. A freestanding colonnade with a covered walkway, the stoa was both a place of commerce and a public promenade, situated within or adjacent to the agora.
In ancient Rome , trade took place in the forum. Rome had two forums; the Forum Romanum and Trajan’s Forum. Trajan’s Market at Trajan’s forum, built around CE, was a vast expanse, comprising multiple buildings with shops on four levels. The Roman forum was arguably the earliest example of a permanent retail shopfront. In the Roman world, the central market primarily served the local peasantry.
Market stall holders were primarily local primary producers who sold small surpluses from their individual farming activities and also artisans who sold leather-goods, metal-ware and pottery. Consumers were made up of several different groups; farmers who purchased minor farm equipment and a few luxuries for their homes and urban dwellers who purchased basic necessities. Major producers such as the great estates were sufficiently attractive for merchants to call directly at their farm-gates, obviating the producers’ need to attend local markets.
The very wealthy landowners managed their own distribution, which may have involved importing and exporting. The nature of export markets in antiquity is well documented in ancient sources and archaeological case studies. At Pompeii multiple markets served the population of approximately 12, Produce markets were located in the vicinity of the Forum, while livestock markets were situated on the city’s perimeter, near the amphitheatre.
A long narrow building at the north-west corner of the Forum was some type of market, possibly a cereal market. On the opposite corner stood the macellum , thought to have been a meat and fish market. Market stall-holders paid a market tax for the right to trade on market days. Some archaeological evidence suggests that markets and street vendors were controlled by local government.
In early Western Europe, markets developed close to monasteries, castles or royal residences. Priories and aristocratic manorial households created considerable demand for goods and services – both luxuries and necessities and also afforded some protection to merchants and traders. These centres of trade attracted sellers which would stimulate the growth of the town. The Domesday Book of lists 50 markets in England, however, many historians believe this figure underestimates the actual number of markets in operation at the time.
In England, some 2, new markets were established between and From the 12th century, English monarchs awarded a charter to local Lords to create markets and fairs for a town or village. A charter protected the town’s trading privileges in return for an annual fee.
Once a chartered market was granted for specific market days, a nearby rival market could not open on the same days. As the number of markets increased, market towns situated themselves sufficiently far apart so as to avoid competition, but close enough to permit local producers a round trip within one day about 10 km.
A pattern of market trading using mobile stalls under covered arcades was probably established in Italy with the open loggias of Mercato Nuovo designed and constructed by Giovanni Battista del Tasso and funded by the Medici family ; Mercato Vecchio, Florence designed by Giorgio Vasari and Loggia del Grano by architect, Giulio Parigi.
Braudel and Reynold have made a systematic study of European market towns between the thirteenth and fifteenth century. Their investigation shows that in regional districts markets were held once or twice a week while daily markets were common in larger cities. Over time, permanent shops began opening daily and gradually supplanted the periodic markets, while peddlers or itinerant sellers continued to fill in any gaps in distribution. During the Middle Ages, the physical market was characterised by transactional exchange.
Shops had higher overhead costs, but were able to offer regular trading hours and a relationship with customers and may have offered added value services, such as credit terms to reliable customers.
The economy was primarily characterised by local trading in which goods were traded across relatively short distances. Beach markets, which were known in north-western Europe, during the Viking period, were primarily associated with the sale of fish.
The historian, Braudel, reports that, in , grain moved just 5—10 miles; cattle 40—70 miles; wool and wollen cloth 20—40 miles. However, following the European age of discovery, goods were imported from afar – calico cloth from India, porcelain, silk and tea from China, spices from India and South-East Asia and tobacco, sugar, rum and coffee from the New World. Across the boroughs of England, a network of chartered markets sprang up between the 12th and 16th centuries, giving consumers reasonable choice in the markets they preferred to patronise.
Purchase decisions were based on purchase criteria such as the consumer’s perceptions of the range, quality, and price of goods. Such considerations informed decisions about where to make purchases and which markets to patronise. As the number of charters granted increased, competition between market towns also increased. In response to competitive pressures, towns invested in developing a reputation for quality produce, efficient market regulation and good amenities for visitors such as covered accommodation.
By the thirteenth century, counties with important textile industries were investing in purpose built halls for the sale of cloth. London’s Blackwell Hall became a centre for cloth, Bristol became associated with a particular type of cloth known as Bristol red , Stroud was known for producing fine woollen cloth, the town of Worsted became synonymous with a type of yarn; Banbury and Essex were strongly associated with cheeses. In the market economy, goods are ungraded and unbranded, so that consumers have relatively few opportunities to evaluate quality prior to consumption.
In medieval society, regulations for such matters appeared initially at the local level. The Charter of Worcester, written between and provided for fines for dishonest trading, amongst other things. This document outlines the Assizes for 16 different trades, most of which were associated with markets – miller, baker, fisher, brewer, inn-keeper, tallow-chandler, weaver, cordwainer etc.
For each trade, regulations covered such issues as fraud, prices, quality, weights and measures and so on. The assize was a formal codification of prior informal codes which had been practised for many years. The courts of assize were granted the power to enforce these regulations. The process of standardizing quality, prices and measures assisted markets to gain the confidence of buyers and made them more attractive to the public.
In this way, markets helped to provide an early form of product branding. Today, traders and showmen jealously guard the reputation of these historic chartered markets. An 18th century commentator, Daniel Defoe visited Sturbridge fair in and wrote a lengthy description which paints a picture of a highly organised, vibrant operation which attracted large number of visitors from some distance away. In the Asia Minor, prior to the 10th century, market places were situated on the perimeter of the city.
Along established trade routes, markets were most often associated with the caravanserai typically situated just outside the city walls. However, when the marketplace began to become integrated into city structures, it was transformed into a covered area where traders could buy and sell with some protection from the elements.
Markets at Mecca and Medina were known to be significant trade centres in the 3rd century CE and the nomadic communities were highly dependent on them for both trade and social interactions. Dating the emergence of marketplaces in China is difficult. Qi’s Prime Minister, the great reformer, Guan Zhong , divided the capital into 21 districts xiang of which three were dedicated to farmers, three to hand-workers and three to businessmen, who were instructed to settle near the markets.
For instance, the market at Yong, the capital of the Qi state, measured 3, square metres and was an outdoor market. According to the Rites of Zhou , markets were highly organized and served different groups at different times of day; merchants at the morning market, every day people at the afternoon market and peddlers at the evening market. During the Qin empire and the Han dynasty which followed it, markets were enclosed with walls and gates and strictly separated from residential areas.
Over time, specialised markets began to emerge. In Luoyang, during the Tang Dynasty, a metal market was known. Outside the city walls were sheep and horse markets.
He was also impressed by the size of markets. According to his account, the ten markets of Hangzhou , primarily a fish market, attracted 40, to 50, patrons on each of its three trading days each week. In China, negative attitudes towards mercantile activity developed; merchants were the lowest class of society. In , an edict prohibited those of rank five or higher from entering markets. One anecdote from the time of Empress Wu relates the tale of a fourth rank official who missed out on the opportunity for promotion after he was seen purchasing a steamed pancake from a market.
In Mesoamerica, a tiered system of traders developed independently. Extensive trade networks predated the Aztec empire by at least hundreds of years. The system supported various levels of pochteca – from very high status through to minor traders who acted as a type of peddler to fill in gaps in the distribution system.
The Mexica Aztec market of Tlatelolco was the largest in all the Americas and said to be superior to those in Europe. There are many different ways to classify markets. One way is to consider the nature of the buyer and the market’s place within the distribution system.
This leads to two broad classes of market, namely retail market or wholesale markets. The economist, Alfred Marshall classified markets according to time period. In this classification, there are three types of market; the very short period market where the supply of a commodity remains fixed. Perishables, such as fruit, vegetables, meat and fish fall into this group since goods must be sold within a few days and the quantity supplied is relatively inelastic.
The second group is the short period market where the time in which the quantity supplied can be increased by improving the scale of production adding labor and other inputs but not by adding capital. Many non-perishable goods fall into this category. The third category is the long-period market where the length of time can be improved by capital investment. Other ways to classify markets include its trading area local, national or international ; its physical format or its produce.
Markets may feature a range of merchandise for sale, or they may be one of many specialist markets, such as:. Bazaar : Grand Bazaar, Istanbul , Turkey. Floating market : Damnoen Saduak floating market in Ratchaburi , Thailand , is a famous tourist attraction. Night market : Shilin Night Market , Taiwan. Wet market in Hong Kong.
Flea market in Germany. Markets generally have featured prominently in artworks, especially amongst the Dutch painters of Antwerp from the middle of the 16th century.
Pieter Aertsen was known as the “great painter of the market. The public began to distinguish between two types of merchant, the meerseniers which referred to local merchants including bakers, grocers, sellers of dairy products and stall-holders, and the koopman ‘ , which described a new, emergent class of trader who dealt in goods or credit on a large scale. With the rise of a European merchant class, this distinction was necessary to separate the daily trade that the general population understood from the rising ranks of traders who operated on a world stage and were seen as quite distant from everyday experience.
During the 17th and 18th centuries, as Europeans conquered parts of North Africa and the Levant, European artists began to visit the Orient and painted scenes of everyday life. Europeans sharply divided peoples into two broad groups – the European West and the East or Orient ; us and the other. Europeans often saw Orientals as the photographic negative of Western civilisation; the peoples could be threatening- they were “despotic, static and irrational whereas Europe was viewed as democratic, dynamic and rational.
This fascination with the other gave rise to a genre of painting known as Orientalism. Artists focussed on the exotic beauty of the land – the markets and bazaars, caravans and snake charmers. Islamic architecture also became favourite subject matter, and the high vaulted market places features in numerous paintings and sketches.
Individual markets have also attracted literary attention. Les Halles, a complex of market pavilions in Paris, features extensively in both literature and painting. Giuseppe Canella – painted Les Halles et la rue de la Tonnellerie. Markets have been known in parts of Africa for centuries. An 18th century commentator noted the many markets he visited in West Africa. He provided a detailed description of market activities at Sabi, in the Wydah , now the part of the Republic of Benin :.
In the Kingdom of Benin modern Benin City , he commented on the exotic foods available for sale at a market there:. The sale of agricultural produce to the formal market is largely controlled by large corporations. Most small, local farmers sell their produce to the informal market, local communities and street vendors. The government made some attempts to build markets in the north of the country, but that was largely unsuccessful and most commercial buyers travel to Johannesburg or Tshwane for supplies.
Ethiopia is a major producer and exporter of grains and a number of wholesale markets assist with the distribution and export of such products. Ghanaian markets have survived in spite of sometimes brutal measures to eradicate them. In the late s, the Ghanaian government used market traders as a scapegoat for its own policy failures which involved food shortages and high inflation. The government blamed traders for failing to observe pricing guidelines and vilified “women merchants”.
In , the Makola market was dynamited and bulldozed, but within a week the traders were back selling fruit, vegetables and fish, albeit without a roof over their head. Kenya ‘s capital, Nairobi , has several major markets.
Wakulima market is one of the region’s largest markets, situated on Haile Selassie Avenue in Nairobi. Other markets in Nairobi are: Kariakor Market Gikomba Market and Muthurwa market [76] In Mombasa, Kongowea market is also a very large market with over stalls and covering 4. In Morocco , markets are known as souks , and are normally found in a city’s Medina old city or old quarter. Shopping at a produce market is a standard feature of daily life in Morocco.
In Tangiers , a sprawling market fills the many streets of the medina and this area is divided into two sections, known as the Grand Socco and the Petit Socco. The term ‘socco’ is a Spanish corruption of the Arabic word for souk , meaning marketplace.
The Medina at Fez is the oldest, having been founded in the 9th century. Today it is the main fresh produce market and is noted for its narrow laneways and for a total ban on motorized traffic. All produce is brought in and out of the marketplace by donkey or hand-cart. In Marrakesh , the main produce markets are also to be found in the Medina and a colourful market is also held daily in the Jemaa el-Fnaa main square where roaming performers and musicians entertain the large crowds that gather there.
Marrakesh has the largest traditional Berber market in Morocco. Namibia has been almost entirely dependent on South Africa for its fresh produce. Dominated by rolling plains and long sand dunes and an unpredictable rainfall, many parts of Namibia are unsuited to growing fruit and vegetables.
Government sponsored initiatives have encouraged producers to grow fresh fruit, vegetables, legumes and grains [80] The Namibian Ministry of Agriculture has recently launched a system of fresh produce hubs to serve as a platform for producers to market and distribute their produce.
It is anticipated that these hubs will assist in curbing the number of sellers who take their produce to South Africa where it is placed on cold storage, only to be imported back into the country at a later date. Fresh produce markets have traditionally dominated the South African food chain, handling more than half of all fresh produce.
Although large, vertically integrated food retailers, such as supermarkets, are beginning to make inroads into the supply chain, traditional hawkers and produce markets have shown remarkable resilience.
The “Gambia is Good” initiative was established in with a view to encouraging a market for locally grown fresh produce rather than imported ones. The plan was designed to “stimulate local livelihoods, inspire entrepreneurship and reduce the environmental and social cost of imported produce.
A great deal of the produce trade is carried out informally on street corners and many shops are little more than market booths. Notable markets include: the Serekunda Market in Gambia’s largest city, Serekunda , which opens from early morning to late at night 7 days a week and trades in produce, live animals, clothing, accessories, jewellery, crafts, second hand goods and souvenirs; The Albert Market in the capital, Banjul which sells fresh produce, colourful, locally designed fabrics, musical instruments, carved wooden masks and other local products.
Other interesting markets include: Bakau Fish Market in Bakau ; Tanji Fish Market, Tanji, where brightly painted fishing boats bring in the fish from where it is immediately preserved using traditional methods and prepared for distribution to other West African countries; The Woodcarvers Market in Brikama which boasts the largest concentration of woodcarvers in the country; the Pottery Market in Basse Santa ; the Atlantic Road Craft Market at Bakau and the Senegambia Craft Market at Bakau.
Produce markets in Asia are undergoing major changes as supermarkets enter the retail scene and the growing middle classes acquire preferences for branded goods. Many supermarkets purchase directly from producers, supplanting the traditional role of both wholesale and retail markets. In order to survive, produce markets have been forced to consider value adding opportunities and many retail markets now focus on ready-to-eat food and take-away food.
In China , the existence of street and wet markets has been known for centuries, however, many of these were restricted in the s and 60s and only permitted to re-open in To assist in the distribution of food, more than 9, wholesale produce markets operate in China. For example, Beijing’s Xinfadi Wholesale market , currently under renovation, is expected to have a footprint of hectares when complete.
China is both a major importer and exporter of fruit and vegetables and is now the world’s largest exporter of apples. China’s fresh produce market is undergoing major change.
In the larger cities, purchasing is gradually moving to online with door-to-door deliveries. Hong Kong relies heavily imports to meet its fresh produce needs. Importers are consequently an important part of the distribution network, and some importers supply directly to retail consumers.
Stalls opened at two sides of a street are required to have licenses issued by the Hong Kong Government. The various types of street markets include fresh foods, clothing, cooked foods, flowers and electronics. The earliest form of market was a Gaa si wet market. Some traditional markets have been replaced by shopping centres , markets in municipal service buildings and supermarkets , while others have become tourist attractions such as Tung Choi Street and Apliu Street.
Although the majority of markets in South Korea are wholesale markets, retail customers are permitted to make purchases in all of them. The Gwangjang Market is the nation’s top market and is a popular tourist destination. Taiwan meets most of its produce needs through local production. This means that the country has a very active network of wholesale and retail markets. In South Asia, especially Nepal, India and Bangladesh, a Haat also known as hat refers to a regular rural produce market, typically held once or twice per week.
The marketing historian, Petty, has suggested that Indian marketplaces first arose during the Chola Dynasty approx. Distinct types of markets were evident; Nagaaram streets of shops, often devoted to specific types of goods; Angadi markets and Perangadi large markets in the inner city districts. The sub-continent may have borrowed the concept of covered marketplaces from the Middle East around the tenth century with the arrival of Islam.
The caravanserai and covered market structures, known as suqs, first began to appear along the silk routes and were located in the area just outside the city perimeter.
Following the tradition established on the Arabian peninsula, India also established temporary-seasonal markets in regional districts. In Rajasthan’s Pushkar , an annual camel market was first recorded in the 15th century. However, following the foundation of the Mughal Empire in northern India during the 16th century, this arrangement changed.
A covered bazaar or market place became integrated into city structures and was to be found in the city centre. Some of these bazaars appear to have specialised in particular types of produce.
The Patna district, in the 17th century, was home to weaver villages and the Patna Bazaar enjoyed a reputation as a centre of trade in fine cloth. When the Italian writer and traveller, Niccolao Manucci , visited there in , he found many merchants trading in cotton and silk in Patna’s bazaars. In India today, many different types of market serve retail and commercial clients: [].
In India and also Bangladesh and Pakistan , a landa bazaar is a type of a bazaar or a marketplace with lowest prices where only secondhand general goods are exchanged or sold. A haat also refers to a bazaar or market in Bangladesh and Pakistan and the term may also be used in India.
A saddar refers to the main, central market in a town while a mandi refers to a large marketplace. A Meena Bazaar is a marketplace where goods are sold in an effort to raise money for charity. Southeast Asia is noted for its night markets, floating markets and pirate markets markets that specialise in selling “knock off” copies of designer brands.
Some Asian countries have developed unique distribution systems and highly specialised types of market place. Throughout Asia, a wet market refers to a place where fruit, vegetables, fish, seafood and meat products are sold.
In Indonesia , a Pasar pagi is a particular type of wet market, also known as a “morning market” which typically operates from early morning to the afternoon. The types of goods being sold is also quite different. Pasar pagi is where many housewives, domestic help, and local folks appear to shop their daily needs, mostly fresh produce. The things which are on sale are usually fresh produce, including fruits , vegetables , spices , fish, meat, eggs, and a variety of perishable products.
Notable markets specializing in traditional batik clothing are, Pasar Klewer in Solo and Pasar Beringharjo in Yogyakarta. Pasar Minggu specialized on fruits and vegetables, while Pasar Kue Subuh in Senen specialized on selling kue , as they offer a rich variety of traditional Indonesian snack, open every subuh dawn. In several cities and towns in Kalimantan and Sumatra , there are floating markets , which is a collection of vendors selling various produce and product on boats.
Pasar Keputran, a pasar pagi or morning wet market, Surabaya. Vendor selling rissole at the pasar malam night market in Rawasari, Jakarta. In Malaysia the term Pasar malam refers to a night market which operates from around through to approximately In parts of Malaysia, jungle produce markets trade in indigenous fruits and vegetables, all of which are gaining popularity as consumers switch to pesticide-free food products.
Some of the more nutritional indigenous produce includes fruits such as dabai Canarium odontophyllum , kembayau Dacryodes rostrata f. In the Philippines , the word palengke refers to a group of stalls under a covered roof. Locals use palengkes for daily shopping. Public markets are the primary trading centres in cities. In rural districts, public markets are in a state of disrepair. In addition, a number of farmers’ markets have sprung up.
A Palengke , Danao City Philippines. Predominantly Craftsman , ranch and Queen Anne -style buildings, the district is northwest of downtown Hot Springs. Seven districts in Hot Springs have special historical significance to the city’s past economy. Built in , the six-story brick building built in the Spanish Colonial Revival style with Art Deco detailing is the centerpiece of the district, and remains the most imposing figure on the Hot Springs skyline. Almost entirely unaltered, the s structures are associated with the railroad industry, which was extremely important to Hot Springs in the early 20th century.
As the city grew during the early 20th century, commercial activity developed along Ouachita Avenue south of Bathhouse Row, today preserved as the Ouachita Avenue Historic District. Mostly consisting of brick commercial and multifamily buildings, the district maintains the character of an historic commercial area. The Peter Joplin Commercial Block building was the only building to survive the “Black Friday” fire, making it a remnant of early commercial activity on Ouachita Avenue when all contemporary structures have been destroyed.
Lake Hamilton and Lake Catherine are two reservoirs of the Ouachita River south of Hot Springs created for hydroelectric power generation and recreational uses. Following a donation of over 2, acres ha , the state created Lake Catherine State Park in Today, the park features fishing and water recreation as well as camping to visitors.
Lake Hamilton was created following the construction of Carpenter Dam in the s. Following construction, resorts, businesses, and homes have been built along the lake, in contrast to Lake Catherine.
Oaklawn Park has been operating since A second horse racing park was once within the city limits, but was eventually closed. Former U. The meet, held from January through mid-April each year, is sometimes called the “Fifth Season”. In mid-April, its final week sees the “Racing Festival of the South”, concluding with the Arkansas Derby , which has drawn many Triple Crown contenders.
In , American Pharoah won the Derby and another race at Oaklawn before going on to win the first Triple Crown in three decades. In , the track commemorated the horse’s victories by installing a life-sized bronze sculpture by James Peniston. Hot Springs operates under the council-manager form of city government, one of the two most common forms of local government in the United States , and common in smaller municipalities.
The city is divided into six districts, which elect a city director to the seven-member board of directors. As a body, the board is the prime executive branch of Hot Springs government whose duties include making policy, creating a budget, and passing resolutions and ordinances. The seventh member is a mayor elected at-large by Hot Springs. The mayor presides over city functions in an official capacity and manages the municipal government, without legislative authority.
City director elections are held every four years, but are staggered such that elections for three districts coincide with the election of the President of the United States and four occur in November of “off years”. Hot Springs public secondary education includes five school districts, [68] ultimately leading to graduation from five different high schools.
A two-year residential program, ASMSA was established in and is available to students from across the state following acceptance. The only accredited post-secondary educational opportunity in Hot Springs is at National Park College. Created from a merger between Garland County Community College and Quapaw Technical Institute, the college enrolls approximately 3, students annually in credit programs. Champion Baptist College was issued a Letter of Exemption from Certification by the Arkansas Department of Higher Education to offer church-related courses and grant church-related degrees.
Hot Springs previously had a Catholic grade school for black children, St. Gabriel School; it closed in It is published daily. The Thrifty Nickel , a classified advertising publication, is published from offices at Ouachita Avenue. The Little Rock edition is also published from this office. Thrifty Nickel ceased publication in March Seven AM radio stations and fifteen FM stations broadcast from the area. In addition, most of the Little Rock radio stations provide at least secondary coverage of the city.
Route 70 and U. Route bypass the downtown to the south on the four-lane Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. US leads east 31 miles 50 km to Benton and west-southwest 32 miles 51 km to Glenwood , while US leads southeast 20 miles 32 km to Malvern and west-northwest 36 miles 58 km to Mount Ida.
It leads north across the Ouachita Mountains 71 miles km to Russellville on the Arkansas River , and south 35 miles 56 km to Arkadelphia. Interstate 30 passes to the southeast of Hot Springs, with the closest access 17 miles 27 km to the southeast via US I can also be reached 24 miles 39 km to the east via US Hot Springs is served by Memorial Field Airport.
Major air transport is available through Little Rock National Airport , approximately 55 miles 89 km from Hot Springs.
Within Hot Springs, three fixed-route buses are operated by the city’s Intracity Transit. All routes are based at the city’s Transportation Depot in downtown Hot Springs, and operate six days a week; Sundays and six annual holidays are excluded. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the city of Hot Springs in Arkansas. For other uses, see Hot Springs.
City in Arkansas, United States. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Main article: Garvan Woodland Gardens. Main article: Lake Hamilton and Lake Catherine. See also: Lake Catherine State Park. See also: List of newspapers in Arkansas , List of radio stations in Arkansas , and List of television stations in Arkansas. Ricks and I. House from Louisiana’s 4th congressional district, relocated to Hot Springs, where he engaged in the real estate business and died in Billy Bob Thornton , actor, director and Academy Award-winning screenwriter, born in Hot Springs.
Arkansas portal Cities portal. City of Hot Springs Arkansas. Archived from the original on September 20, Retrieved September 12, Gazetteer Files”. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 29, Census Bureau. Retrieved April 11, Retrieved April 14, National Park Service.
Archived from the original on August 3, Retrieved January 25, Department of the Interior. Archived PDF from the original on February 25, Retrieved February 24, Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture. Retrieved March 16, Major League Baseball. Baseball Reference. Hot Springs Arkansas Baseball Trail. National Baseball Hall of Fame. Retrieved March 15, Babe Ruth Central.
Retrieved March 17, Road Trips!. Bill Jenkins Baseball. Archived from the original on October 31, Retrieved April 28, Hot Springs Baseball Tour.
October 1, The Negro Leagues, p. Arkansas Life. Archived from the original on October 21, The Arkansas News. Old State House Museum. Fall Archived from the original on March 17, Retrieved March 30, The New York Times. September 6, Archived from the original on June 10, Archived from the original on March 15, Retrieved March 22, Retrieved June 17, May 13, ISBN Retrieved June 22, Retrieved December 19, Archived PDF from the original on December 21, Retrieved August 2, Also, the Arkansas Scholarship Lottery began in under Amendment Archived from the original on December 24, Retrieved December 22, Archived from the original on December 3, Los Angeles Times.
Associated Press. Retrieved May 13, February 12, Retrieved April 23, Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Retrieved November 10, Geological Survey Professional Paper C. Washington D. Archived PDF from the original on April 2, February [First published ]. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report United States Geological Survey. Archived PDF from the original on July 20, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 10, Retrieved June 4, Retrieved December 31, Census website”.
Retrieved January 31, Archived from the original on February 28, Retrieved September 8, February 7, Archived from the original on October 2, Retrieved September 9, August 1, Archived from the original on December 30, Archived from the original on December 20, March 1, Archived from the original on February 5, Retrieved March 1, The Chicago Tribune.
Archived from the original on March 1, Archived from the original on July 30, National Register of Historic Places. March 13, Archived from the original on April 4, Arkansas Democrat-Gazette.
March 8, Archived from the original on March 2, Hot Springs Daily. Archived from the original on September 24, Archived from the original on February 7, Retrieved December 15, City of Hot Springs. Retrieved March 3, Arkansas Catholic. Archived from the original on July 31, Retrieved July 31, City of Hot Springs, Arkansas. August 31, Archived from the original on January 16, Retrieved January 15, Archived from the original on December 11, Retrieved December 6, Archived from the original on May 5, Retrieved May 3, The Washington Post.
Archived from the original on October 10, Retrieved March 14, Retrieved May 31, Archived from the original on December 25, Retrieved July 12, Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Hot Springs Arkansas.
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The economy was primarily characterised by local trading in which goods were traded across relatively short distances. Beach markets, which were known in north-western Europe, during the Viking period, were primarily associated with the sale of fish. The historian, Braudel, reports that, in , grain moved just 5—10 miles; cattle 40—70 miles; wool and wollen cloth 20—40 miles.
However, following the European age of discovery, goods were imported from afar – calico cloth from India, porcelain, silk and tea from China, spices from India and South-East Asia and tobacco, sugar, rum and coffee from the New World. Across the boroughs of England, a network of chartered markets sprang up between the 12th and 16th centuries, giving consumers reasonable choice in the markets they preferred to patronise. Purchase decisions were based on purchase criteria such as the consumer’s perceptions of the range, quality, and price of goods.
Such considerations informed decisions about where to make purchases and which markets to patronise. As the number of charters granted increased, competition between market towns also increased. In response to competitive pressures, towns invested in developing a reputation for quality produce, efficient market regulation and good amenities for visitors such as covered accommodation.
By the thirteenth century, counties with important textile industries were investing in purpose built halls for the sale of cloth. London’s Blackwell Hall became a centre for cloth, Bristol became associated with a particular type of cloth known as Bristol red , Stroud was known for producing fine woollen cloth, the town of Worsted became synonymous with a type of yarn; Banbury and Essex were strongly associated with cheeses.
In the market economy, goods are ungraded and unbranded, so that consumers have relatively few opportunities to evaluate quality prior to consumption. In medieval society, regulations for such matters appeared initially at the local level. The Charter of Worcester, written between and provided for fines for dishonest trading, amongst other things. This document outlines the Assizes for 16 different trades, most of which were associated with markets – miller, baker, fisher, brewer, inn-keeper, tallow-chandler, weaver, cordwainer etc.
For each trade, regulations covered such issues as fraud, prices, quality, weights and measures and so on. The assize was a formal codification of prior informal codes which had been practised for many years. The courts of assize were granted the power to enforce these regulations. The process of standardizing quality, prices and measures assisted markets to gain the confidence of buyers and made them more attractive to the public.
In this way, markets helped to provide an early form of product branding. Today, traders and showmen jealously guard the reputation of these historic chartered markets. An 18th century commentator, Daniel Defoe visited Sturbridge fair in and wrote a lengthy description which paints a picture of a highly organised, vibrant operation which attracted large number of visitors from some distance away.
In the Asia Minor, prior to the 10th century, market places were situated on the perimeter of the city. Along established trade routes, markets were most often associated with the caravanserai typically situated just outside the city walls. However, when the marketplace began to become integrated into city structures, it was transformed into a covered area where traders could buy and sell with some protection from the elements.
Markets at Mecca and Medina were known to be significant trade centres in the 3rd century CE and the nomadic communities were highly dependent on them for both trade and social interactions. Dating the emergence of marketplaces in China is difficult.
Qi’s Prime Minister, the great reformer, Guan Zhong , divided the capital into 21 districts xiang of which three were dedicated to farmers, three to hand-workers and three to businessmen, who were instructed to settle near the markets.
For instance, the market at Yong, the capital of the Qi state, measured 3, square metres and was an outdoor market. According to the Rites of Zhou , markets were highly organized and served different groups at different times of day; merchants at the morning market, every day people at the afternoon market and peddlers at the evening market.
During the Qin empire and the Han dynasty which followed it, markets were enclosed with walls and gates and strictly separated from residential areas. Over time, specialised markets began to emerge. In Luoyang, during the Tang Dynasty, a metal market was known. Outside the city walls were sheep and horse markets. He was also impressed by the size of markets. According to his account, the ten markets of Hangzhou , primarily a fish market, attracted 40, to 50, patrons on each of its three trading days each week.
In China, negative attitudes towards mercantile activity developed; merchants were the lowest class of society. In , an edict prohibited those of rank five or higher from entering markets. One anecdote from the time of Empress Wu relates the tale of a fourth rank official who missed out on the opportunity for promotion after he was seen purchasing a steamed pancake from a market.
In Mesoamerica, a tiered system of traders developed independently. Extensive trade networks predated the Aztec empire by at least hundreds of years. The system supported various levels of pochteca – from very high status through to minor traders who acted as a type of peddler to fill in gaps in the distribution system. The Mexica Aztec market of Tlatelolco was the largest in all the Americas and said to be superior to those in Europe.
There are many different ways to classify markets. One way is to consider the nature of the buyer and the market’s place within the distribution system.
This leads to two broad classes of market, namely retail market or wholesale markets. The economist, Alfred Marshall classified markets according to time period. In this classification, there are three types of market; the very short period market where the supply of a commodity remains fixed.
Perishables, such as fruit, vegetables, meat and fish fall into this group since goods must be sold within a few days and the quantity supplied is relatively inelastic. The second group is the short period market where the time in which the quantity supplied can be increased by improving the scale of production adding labor and other inputs but not by adding capital.
Many non-perishable goods fall into this category. The third category is the long-period market where the length of time can be improved by capital investment. Other ways to classify markets include its trading area local, national or international ; its physical format or its produce.
Markets may feature a range of merchandise for sale, or they may be one of many specialist markets, such as:. Bazaar : Grand Bazaar, Istanbul , Turkey.
Floating market : Damnoen Saduak floating market in Ratchaburi , Thailand , is a famous tourist attraction. Night market : Shilin Night Market , Taiwan. Wet market in Hong Kong. Flea market in Germany. Markets generally have featured prominently in artworks, especially amongst the Dutch painters of Antwerp from the middle of the 16th century.
Pieter Aertsen was known as the “great painter of the market. The public began to distinguish between two types of merchant, the meerseniers which referred to local merchants including bakers, grocers, sellers of dairy products and stall-holders, and the koopman ‘ , which described a new, emergent class of trader who dealt in goods or credit on a large scale.
With the rise of a European merchant class, this distinction was necessary to separate the daily trade that the general population understood from the rising ranks of traders who operated on a world stage and were seen as quite distant from everyday experience. During the 17th and 18th centuries, as Europeans conquered parts of North Africa and the Levant, European artists began to visit the Orient and painted scenes of everyday life. Europeans sharply divided peoples into two broad groups – the European West and the East or Orient ; us and the other.
Europeans often saw Orientals as the photographic negative of Western civilisation; the peoples could be threatening- they were “despotic, static and irrational whereas Europe was viewed as democratic, dynamic and rational.
This fascination with the other gave rise to a genre of painting known as Orientalism. Artists focussed on the exotic beauty of the land – the markets and bazaars, caravans and snake charmers.
Islamic architecture also became favourite subject matter, and the high vaulted market places features in numerous paintings and sketches. Individual markets have also attracted literary attention. Les Halles, a complex of market pavilions in Paris, features extensively in both literature and painting.
Giuseppe Canella – painted Les Halles et la rue de la Tonnellerie. Markets have been known in parts of Africa for centuries. An 18th century commentator noted the many markets he visited in West Africa. He provided a detailed description of market activities at Sabi, in the Wydah , now the part of the Republic of Benin :. In the Kingdom of Benin modern Benin City , he commented on the exotic foods available for sale at a market there:. The sale of agricultural produce to the formal market is largely controlled by large corporations.
Most small, local farmers sell their produce to the informal market, local communities and street vendors. The government made some attempts to build markets in the north of the country, but that was largely unsuccessful and most commercial buyers travel to Johannesburg or Tshwane for supplies.
Ethiopia is a major producer and exporter of grains and a number of wholesale markets assist with the distribution and export of such products. Ghanaian markets have survived in spite of sometimes brutal measures to eradicate them. In the late s, the Ghanaian government used market traders as a scapegoat for its own policy failures which involved food shortages and high inflation. The government blamed traders for failing to observe pricing guidelines and vilified “women merchants”.
In , the Makola market was dynamited and bulldozed, but within a week the traders were back selling fruit, vegetables and fish, albeit without a roof over their head. Kenya ‘s capital, Nairobi , has several major markets.
Wakulima market is one of the region’s largest markets, situated on Haile Selassie Avenue in Nairobi. Other markets in Nairobi are: Kariakor Market Gikomba Market and Muthurwa market [76] In Mombasa, Kongowea market is also a very large market with over stalls and covering 4.
In Morocco , markets are known as souks , and are normally found in a city’s Medina old city or old quarter. Shopping at a produce market is a standard feature of daily life in Morocco. In Tangiers , a sprawling market fills the many streets of the medina and this area is divided into two sections, known as the Grand Socco and the Petit Socco.
The term ‘socco’ is a Spanish corruption of the Arabic word for souk , meaning marketplace. The Medina at Fez is the oldest, having been founded in the 9th century. Today it is the main fresh produce market and is noted for its narrow laneways and for a total ban on motorized traffic. All produce is brought in and out of the marketplace by donkey or hand-cart. In Marrakesh , the main produce markets are also to be found in the Medina and a colourful market is also held daily in the Jemaa el-Fnaa main square where roaming performers and musicians entertain the large crowds that gather there.
Marrakesh has the largest traditional Berber market in Morocco. Namibia has been almost entirely dependent on South Africa for its fresh produce. Dominated by rolling plains and long sand dunes and an unpredictable rainfall, many parts of Namibia are unsuited to growing fruit and vegetables. Government sponsored initiatives have encouraged producers to grow fresh fruit, vegetables, legumes and grains [80] The Namibian Ministry of Agriculture has recently launched a system of fresh produce hubs to serve as a platform for producers to market and distribute their produce.
It is anticipated that these hubs will assist in curbing the number of sellers who take their produce to South Africa where it is placed on cold storage, only to be imported back into the country at a later date. Fresh produce markets have traditionally dominated the South African food chain, handling more than half of all fresh produce. Although large, vertically integrated food retailers, such as supermarkets, are beginning to make inroads into the supply chain, traditional hawkers and produce markets have shown remarkable resilience.
The “Gambia is Good” initiative was established in with a view to encouraging a market for locally grown fresh produce rather than imported ones. The plan was designed to “stimulate local livelihoods, inspire entrepreneurship and reduce the environmental and social cost of imported produce.
A great deal of the produce trade is carried out informally on street corners and many shops are little more than market booths. Notable markets include: the Serekunda Market in Gambia’s largest city, Serekunda , which opens from early morning to late at night 7 days a week and trades in produce, live animals, clothing, accessories, jewellery, crafts, second hand goods and souvenirs; The Albert Market in the capital, Banjul which sells fresh produce, colourful, locally designed fabrics, musical instruments, carved wooden masks and other local products.
By six bathhouses and 24 hotels and boardinghouses stood near the springs. In , Joseph Reynolds announced his decision to construct a narrow-gauge railroad from Malvern to Hot Springs; completion in resulted in the growth of visitation to the springs.
Samuel W. Fordyce and two other entrepreneurs financed the construction of the first luxury hotel in the area, the first Arlington Hotel , which opened in During the Reconstruction Era , several conflicting land claims reached the U. Congress and resulted on April 24, , Supreme Court ruling that the land title of Hot Springs belonged to the federal government.
Protests ensued. To deal with the situation, Congress formed the Hot Springs Commission to lay out streets in the town of Hot Springs, deal with land claims, define property lines, condemn buildings illegally on the permanent reservation now the national park , and define a process for claimants to purchase land.
The commission surveyed and set aside Another 1, acres 4. The townsite consisted of blocks and 50 miles 80 km of streets and alleys.
The remaining portion of the original four sections of government land consisted of hills and mountains which were mostly unoccupied, and Congress acted on the commission’s recommendation in June by adding those lands to the permanent reservation. Hot Springs has a rich baseball history. During the early 20th century, Hot Springs was known for baseball training camps.
Often called the “birthplace” of Spring training baseball, Hot Springs first welcomed Major League Baseball in , when the Chicago White Stockings now the Chicago Cubs , brought their coaches and players to the city in preparation for the upcoming season. Both Spalding and Anson, liked the city and the natural springs for their players. Many other teams followed Chicago and began training and playing games in Hot Springs. Needing additional venues for teams to play, Whittington Park was built in , followed by Majestic Park in and Fogel Field in Negro league baseball teams also utilized Hot Springs for spring training.
The Pittsburgh Crawfords utilized Fogel Field for spring training from to Patrick’s Day, , is nicknamed the “Day that changed Baseball Forever. In the opening exhibition game against Brooklyn at Whittington Park , Ruth coming off a 24—13 season was a last minute replacement at first base, his first time at a position other than pitcher. Ruth hit two long home runs that day while playing the field for the first time. His first home run was a long blast that landed in a wood pile. However, his second Home run is legendary in its record setting length and eventual effect on Ruth.
It was a shot that traveled an astonishing estimated feet. After that day Ruth became a hitter, switching from being just a pitcher. In Hot Springs, Ruth could be seen walking the streets, visiting the bath spas, and gambling at the nearby horse track. There is a Ruth plaque both inside and outside the Alligator Farm, as well as a home plate marker at the former Whittington Park across the street.
The Pittsburgh Pirates trained for over a decade at Whittington Park. Hall of Fame shortstop Honus Wagner became a fixture in the city. As evidence of this, Wagner purchased and donated basketball uniforms and equipment to Hot Springs High School in The uniforms were in the Pittsburgh Pirates colors of black and gold and subsequently the high school switched permanently to those colors.
Wagner also refereed a basketball game for the school that season, something he would later repeat. The film features many Hot Springs historical items and references.
The fire burned southeast, away from the hospital, until the wind reversed an hour later. Along the way it consumed the Public Utilities plant, which destroyed the firefighters’ water supply. Despite their efforts, numerous homes, at least a hundred businesses, four hotels, the Iron Mountain Railroad facilities, and the Crystal Theater were destroyed. A rainstorm finally quenched the blaze at Hazel Street. Although Central Avenue was ultimately protected primarily by desperate use of dynamite , much of the southern part of the city was destroyed.
From April 2—12, , several Pentecostal Christian leaders gathered in Hot Springs to form what became known as the Assemblies of God. It has since grown to become one of the largest Pentecostal denominations in the United States, with 3,, adherents, 12, churches, and 36, ministers as of [update]. Illegal gambling became firmly established in Hot Springs during the decades following the Civil War, with two factions, the Flynns and the Dorans, fighting one another throughout the s for control of the town.
Frank Flynn, leader of the Flynn Faction, had effectively begun paying local law enforcement officers employed by both the Hot Springs Police Department and the Garland County Sheriff’s Office to collect unpaid debts, as well as to intimidate gambling rivals. This contributed to the March 16, , Hot Springs Gunfight. Of the seven Hot Springs police officers who have been killed while in service of the department, three died during that gunfight, killed by deputies of the Garland County Sheriff’s Office.
One part-time deputy sheriff was killed also, by the Hot Springs officers. Hot Springs eventually became a national gambling mecca, led by Owney Madden and his Hotel Arkansas casino. The period — was its wagering pinnacle, with no fewer than ten major casinos and numerous smaller houses running wide open, the largest such operation in the United States at the time [ citation needed ]. Hotels advertised the availability of prostitutes , and off-track booking was available for virtually any horse race in North America.
Local law enforcement was controlled by a political machine run by long-serving mayor Leo P. The McLaughlin organization purchased hundreds of poll tax receipts, many in the names of deceased or fictitious persons, which would sometimes be voted in different precincts. A former sheriff, who attempted to have the state’s anti-gambling laws enforced and to secure honest elections, was murdered in No one was ever charged with his killing.
Machine domination of city and county government was abruptly ended in with the election of a “Government Improvement” slate of returning World War II veterans led by Marine Lt. Sid McMath , who was elected prosecuting attorney. A grand jury indicted several owners and promoters, as well as McLaughlin, for public servant bribery. Although the former mayor and most of the others were acquitted, the machine’s power was broken and gambling came to a halt, as McMath led a statewide “GI Revolt” into the governor’s office in Illegal casino gambling resumed, however, with the election of Orval Faubus as governor in Buoyed into 12 years in office by his popular defiance of federal court desegregation orders, Faubus turned a blind eye to gambling in Hot Springs.
Every week the management appears in local court, pays its fine according to the amount of biz [business] done and goes back to open up.
Rockefeller sent in a company of state troopers to shutter the casinos and burn their gaming equipment. Until other forms of gambling became legal in Arkansas four decades later, [38] Oaklawn Park , a thoroughbred horse racing track south of downtown, was the only legal gambling establishment in Hot Springs and one of only two in the state of Arkansas; the other was the Southland Greyhound Park dog track in West Memphis.
Both Oaklawn and Southland remain in operation. Garnett, a former Navy surgeon with a local practice, and John A. Logan , a retired Union general turned politician who was a former patient of Garnett’s.
Erected under the supervision of Captain J. Jacobs, the bed hospital was built of wood and brick in the “pavilion style” that required patients and clinicians to traverse long distances. Built under Captain Edward George, it could hold patients and contained such cutting-edge technology as an X-ray wing and temperature-controlled morgue. The operating rooms and equipment was thought to be the finest in the country.
The Army and Navy arranged to send some overflow to the nearby Arlington and Majestic hotels. The hospital also trained dentists, surgeons, and pharmacists, and housed the first enlisted medical technician school for the Women’s Army Corps. The grounds contained a kitchen, living quarters for nurses and physicians. The hospital was closed on April 1, , likely because local demand dropped. The grounds were sold to the state of Arkansas for one dollar.
The military took over the enormous Eastman Hotel across the street from the Army and Navy Hospital in because the hospital was not nearly large enough to hold the sick and wounded coming in. In , the Army began redeploying returning overseas soldiers; officials inspected hotels in 20 cities before selecting Hot Springs as a redistribution center for returning soldiers.
In August , the Army took over most of the hotels in Hot Springs. The soldiers from the west-central states received a day furlough before reporting to the redistribution station.
They spent 14 days updating their military records and obtaining physical and dental treatment. The soldiers had time to enjoy the baths at a reduced rate and other recreational activities.
The redistribution center closed down in December after processing more than 32, members of the military. In , after the war, the Eastman was demolished when the federal government no longer needed it. In , the metro was ranked by Forbes as one of the top “small places for business and careers”, citing a low cost of doing business, high job growth and an educated workforce.
The city takes its name from the natural thermal water that flows from 47 springs on the western slope of Hot Springs Mountain in the historic downtown district of the city. About 1,, US gallons 3. Studies by National Park Service scientists have determined through radiocarbon dating that the water that reaches the surface in Hot Springs fell as rainfall 4, years earlier.
It emerges from the tunnel south of Bathhouse Row then flows through the southern part of the city before emptying into Lake Hamilton , a reservoir on the Ouachita River. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters.
July is the hottest month of the year, with an average high of Precipitation is weakly seasonal, with a bimodal pattern: wet seasons in the spring and fall, and relatively drier summers and winters, but plentiful rain in all months. The athlete and icon suggested that she’s planning to retire in a new Vogue essay published on Tuesday. Tim Michels, a wealthy businessman endorsed by former President Donald Trump, won the Republican primary for Wisconsin governor on Tuesday and will face Democratic Gov.
Tony Evers. Wisconsin Lt. Ron Johnson in what is expected to be one of the country’s most competitive races as the parties battle for control of the U. The scammers make the websites look real as they trick customers to enter their information to create a bank account. The GDP a measure of total spending on goods and services across the economy, fell at an annual rate of 0. The Consumer Price Index reports the price of gas skyrocketed nearly 60 percent over the last year — and it’s of course far from the only commodity affected.
Buckle up for a weekend of travel chaos — starting Thursday, mass delays and cancellations are expected just to get worse heading into the holiday weekend. Rental income was part of a Chicago man’s retirement plan, but that hit a snag when his renters lost their jobs during the pandemic. Chicago’s top health official says the rush is on to get more monkeypox vaccine doses to those who need them, as infections continue to rise.
The United States now counts more infections from the virus than any other country in the world. Since May, cases have grown from zero to 6, The declaration could help the federal government respond as the number of cases grows and demand for the vaccine far exceeds supply around the country.
In the town of Tonica — less than two hours away from Chicago and right next to Starved Rock State Park — a hidden treasure sits on 96 acres of preserved land. Operators of the new theatre hope enhancing the experience will draw back crowds not since since before the pandemic. Imagine working at a place 50 years and hoping for 50 more — all because of the people. Her husband John Easterling announced her passing on her Facebook page. A preview performance of Broadway in Chicago’s new show “The Devil Wears Prada” had a very special guest in attendance this week.
The Office of Emergency Management and Communications said 68 people were transported by ambulance from Lollapalooza this year, compared with last year. CBS News Live. Monkeypox: What you need to know. Code Blue: Officers in crisis.
Cash Clues. How Weather Works. Latest News More. Southwest Side neighbors on edge after car enthusiast takeover turns violent Residents of the Marquette Park area also fear another takeover could get out of hand again. Official in charge of overseeing Chicago Police reforms fired a day after critical email to Supt.
David Brown For almost two years, Robert Boik has been in charge of making sure the Chicago Police Department complied with a consent decree. I Am A Gentleman Inc. Non-profit ‘FreshLens Chicago’ asking for help after thieves stole thousands in equipment Fresh Lens Chicago is asking for help to replace the thousands of dollars in equipment the burglars stole.
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Hot Springs is a resort city in the state of Arkansas and the county seat of Garland County. The city is located in the Ouachita Mountains among the U. Interior Highlands , and is set among several natural hot springs for which the city is named.
As of the United States Census , the city had a population of 37, The hot spring water has been popularly believed for centuries to possess healing properties, and was a subject of legend among several Native American tribes.
Following federal protection in , the city developed into a successful spa town. Incorporated January 10, , the city has been home to Major League Baseball spring training, illegal gambling, speakeasies and gangsters such as Al Capone , horse racing at Oaklawn Park , the Army and Navy Hospital , and 42nd President Bill Clinton.
Today, much of Hot Springs’ history is preserved by various government entities. Hot Springs National Park is maintained by the National Park Service , including Bathhouse Row , which preserves the eight historic bathhouse buildings and gardens along Central Avenue. The city also contains dozens of historic hotels and motor courts , built during the Great Depression in the Art Deco style. Due to the popularity of the thermal waters, Hot Springs benefited from rapid growth during a period when many cities saw a sharp decline in building; much like Miami ‘s art deco districts.
As a result, Hot Springs’s architecture is a key part of the city’s blend of cultures, including a reputation as a tourist town and a Southern city. Members of many Native American tribes had been gathering in the valley for untold numbers of years to enjoy the healing properties of the thermal springs.
In , Father Marquette and Jolliet explored the area and claimed it for France. The Treaty of Paris ceded the land to Spain; however, in control was returned to France until the Louisiana Purchase of In December , Dr. George Hunter and William Dunbar made an expedition to the springs, finding a lone log cabin and a few rudimentary shelters used by people visiting the springs for their healing properties. In , a man named Prudhomme became the first settler of modern Hot Springs, and he was soon joined by John Perciful and Isaac Cates.
On August 24, , the Quapaw Native Americans ceded the land around the hot springs to the United States in a treaty. After Arkansas became its own territory in , the Arkansas Territorial Legislature requested in that the springs and adjoining mountains be set aside as a federal reservation. Twelve years later, in , the Hot Springs Reservation was created by the United States Congress , granting federal protection of the thermal waters.
The reservation was renamed Hot Springs National Park in Confederate Governor Henry M. Rector moved his staff and state records to Hot Springs. Union forces did not attack Little Rock, and the government returned to the capital city on July 14, Many residents of Hot Springs fled to Texas or Louisiana and remained there until the end of the war. In September , Union forces occupied Little Rock.
During this period, Hot Springs became the prey of guerrilla bands loosely associated with either Union or Confederate forces. They pillaged and burned the near-deserted town, leaving only a few buildings standing at the end of the Civil War. After the Civil War, extensive rebuilding of bathhouses and hotels took place at Hot Springs.
The year-round population soared to 1, inhabitants by By six bathhouses and 24 hotels and boardinghouses stood near the springs. In , Joseph Reynolds announced his decision to construct a narrow-gauge railroad from Malvern to Hot Springs; completion in resulted in the growth of visitation to the springs. Samuel W.
Fordyce and two other entrepreneurs financed the construction of the first luxury hotel in the area, the first Arlington Hotel , which opened in During the Reconstruction Era , several conflicting land claims reached the U. Congress and resulted on April 24, , Supreme Court ruling that the land title of Hot Springs belonged to the federal government. Protests ensued. To deal with the situation, Congress formed the Hot Springs Commission to lay out streets in the town of Hot Springs, deal with land claims, define property lines, condemn buildings illegally on the permanent reservation now the national park , and define a process for claimants to purchase land.
The commission surveyed and set aside Another 1, acres 4. The townsite consisted of blocks and 50 miles 80 km of streets and alleys.
The remaining portion of the original four sections of government land consisted of hills and mountains which were mostly unoccupied, and Congress acted on the commission’s recommendation in June by adding those lands to the permanent reservation. Hot Springs has a rich baseball history. During the early 20th century, Hot Springs was known for baseball training camps.
Often called the “birthplace” of Spring training baseball, Hot Springs first welcomed Major League Baseball in , when the Chicago White Stockings now the Chicago Cubs , brought their coaches and players to the city in preparation for the upcoming season.
Both Spalding and Anson, liked the city and the natural springs for their players. Many other teams followed Chicago and began training and playing games in Hot Springs. Needing additional venues for teams to play, Whittington Park was built in , followed by Majestic Park in and Fogel Field in Negro league baseball teams also utilized Hot Springs for spring training.
The Pittsburgh Crawfords utilized Fogel Field for spring training from to Patrick’s Day, , is nicknamed the “Day that changed Baseball Forever. In the opening exhibition game against Brooklyn at Whittington Park , Ruth coming off a 24—13 season was a last minute replacement at first base, his first time at a position other than pitcher. Ruth hit two long home runs that day while playing the field for the first time.
His first home run was a long blast that landed in a wood pile. However, his second Home run is legendary in its record setting length and eventual effect on Ruth.
It was a shot that traveled an astonishing estimated feet. After that day Ruth became a hitter, switching from being just a pitcher. In Hot Springs, Ruth could be seen walking the streets, visiting the bath spas, and gambling at the nearby horse track. There is a Ruth plaque both inside and outside the Alligator Farm, as well as a home plate marker at the former Whittington Park across the street.
The Pittsburgh Pirates trained for over a decade at Whittington Park. Hall of Fame shortstop Honus Wagner became a fixture in the city. As evidence of this, Wagner purchased and donated basketball uniforms and equipment to Hot Springs High School in The uniforms were in the Pittsburgh Pirates colors of black and gold and subsequently the high school switched permanently to those colors. Wagner also refereed a basketball game for the school that season, something he would later repeat. The film features many Hot Springs historical items and references.
The fire burned southeast, away from the hospital, until the wind reversed an hour later. Along the way it consumed the Public Utilities plant, which destroyed the firefighters’ water supply. Despite their efforts, numerous homes, at least a hundred businesses, four hotels, the Iron Mountain Railroad facilities, and the Crystal Theater were destroyed. A rainstorm finally quenched the blaze at Hazel Street. Although Central Avenue was ultimately protected primarily by desperate use of dynamite , much of the southern part of the city was destroyed.
From April 2—12, , several Pentecostal Christian leaders gathered in Hot Springs to form what became known as the Assemblies of God. It has since grown to become one of the largest Pentecostal denominations in the United States, with 3,, adherents, 12, churches, and 36, ministers as of [update]. Illegal gambling became firmly established in Hot Springs during the decades following the Civil War, with two factions, the Flynns and the Dorans, fighting one another throughout the s for control of the town.
Frank Flynn, leader of the Flynn Faction, had effectively begun paying local law enforcement officers employed by both the Hot Springs Police Department and the Garland County Sheriff’s Office to collect unpaid debts, as well as to intimidate gambling rivals. This contributed to the March 16, , Hot Springs Gunfight. Of the seven Hot Springs police officers who have been killed while in service of the department, three died during that gunfight, killed by deputies of the Garland County Sheriff’s Office.
One part-time deputy sheriff was killed also, by the Hot Springs officers. Hot Springs eventually became a national gambling mecca, led by Owney Madden and his Hotel Arkansas casino. The period — was its wagering pinnacle, with no fewer than ten major casinos and numerous smaller houses running wide open, the largest such operation in the United States at the time [ citation needed ]. Hotels advertised the availability of prostitutes , and off-track booking was available for virtually any horse race in North America.
Local law enforcement was controlled by a political machine run by long-serving mayor Leo P. The McLaughlin organization purchased hundreds of poll tax receipts, many in the names of deceased or fictitious persons, which would sometimes be voted in different precincts. A former sheriff, who attempted to have the state’s anti-gambling laws enforced and to secure honest elections, was murdered in No one was ever charged with his killing.
Machine domination of city and county government was abruptly ended in with the election of a “Government Improvement” slate of returning World War II veterans led by Marine Lt. Sid McMath , who was elected prosecuting attorney. A grand jury indicted several owners and promoters, as well as McLaughlin, for public servant bribery. Although the former mayor and most of the others were acquitted, the machine’s power was broken and gambling came to a halt, as McMath led a statewide “GI Revolt” into the governor’s office in Illegal casino gambling resumed, however, with the election of Orval Faubus as governor in Buoyed into 12 years in office by his popular defiance of federal court desegregation orders, Faubus turned a blind eye to gambling in Hot Springs.
Every week the management appears in local court, pays its fine according to the amount of biz [business] done and goes back to open up. Rockefeller sent in a company of state troopers to shutter the casinos and burn their gaming equipment. Until other forms of gambling became legal in Arkansas four decades later, [38] Oaklawn Park , a thoroughbred horse racing track south of downtown, was the only legal gambling establishment in Hot Springs and one of only two in the state of Arkansas; the other was the Southland Greyhound Park dog track in West Memphis.
Both Oaklawn and Southland remain in operation. Garnett, a former Navy surgeon with a local practice, and John A. Logan , a retired Union general turned politician who was a former patient of Garnett’s. Erected under the supervision of Captain J. Jacobs, the bed hospital was built of wood and brick in the “pavilion style” that required patients and clinicians to traverse long distances.